The Pekarow (Packer) Family
by
Marty Cohen
My
grandfather listed his birth location and that of the rest of the family as Tscherkassyi,
which is the German name for Cherkasy. The family left Cherkasy in 1923.
- My Grandfather was David Pekarow - Born about 1878
- My Grandmother was Sura Pekarow née Viprinsky - Born about 1880
- Son- Nachman Pekarow - Born about 1912
- Daughter- Hinda Pekarow - Born about 1913
- Daughter- Golda Pekarow - Born about 1915
- Daughter- Stichia Pekarow - Born about 1903
Pekarow Family
(left) David & wife Sura with
unknown children
(right) Samuel Viprinsky (Weiner)
& wife Bela Kramarova
with son Albert
& daughter Anne
Cherkasy, Ukraine
Does anyone have information about this family?
The Podbielak Family
submitted
by
Fred Podbielak
Our family came from Cherkassy. While growing up in the East New York
and East Flatbush neighborhoods in Brooklyn, I often heard my relatives
speaking of their past. They were victims of the last pogrom in Cherkassy.
During the pogrom, a neighbor got drunk and told the Cossacks about my
mom's family dwelling. My grandfather wasn't home at the time.
The Cossacks left, assuming everyone was dead. My grandfather's hair
turned white overnight. My grandmother and two boys were killed. My
mother lost a rib, and her sister was wounded in the leg and suffered for many
years. According to mom, the neighbor who got drunk liked my mom's
family and committed suicide afterwards.
My mom's surviving brothers had the rest of the family brought to
America. This was in the 1920's.
An aunt, who was older and remembered more, stated that their dwelling
was among large orchards, and it would have been hard to discover it had it not
been for the drunk neighbor.
I visited my mom's cousin in Odessa some years back. My mom was eighty
at the time and didn't want to go. We found relatives, by way of a
friend, who lived in the Ukraine. My family had no knowledge of them, or contact
with them, until the 70's.
The Povolotskaya (Palow), Actiorsky, Cantorsky, & Tverovsky Family
by
Carol Baker
My mother was born in Cherkassy as Ester-Malka Povolotskaya on 30 January 1904. She came to USA in 1908. Her
mother's family name was Actiorsky (Actor here), her maternal grandmother's
family was Slutsky and her maternal great grandmother's family was Cantorsky.
Her paternal grandmother was Czerna. My grandfather's mother
(Czerna Povolotsky nee Tverovsky) and one son and one daughter immigrated to
Fall River, Massachusetts which seemed to have a large group of people from
Cherkassy.
Most of the families came to USA before 1914 except that my
grandfather (Sam Palow/Povolotsky) was the youngest of 13 children and only 2
of his brothers and 2 sisters emigrated here.
.
I visited Cherkassy in 1997 and met with an archivist there who
was able to be of a little help. I think that the Povolotsky family was
originally from Bogoslav but have no records from there.
The Safran Family
by
Ivan Safyan
Abrams
Here is information about my mother's family.
The family name is SAFYAN. Her father and my grandfather, ISRAEL SAFYAN, was,
to my knowledge, born in Cherkassy, Ukraine, in or about 1880 or perhaps a bit
later. He came to the United States in about 1900 and settled in PIttsburgh,
Pennsylvania. As late as 1923 his family, also SAFYAN, including his mother,
sister and a nephew, were still in Ukraine. They came to the US later.
I have learned to my sorrow that a number of
the SAFYAN family members were murdered in World War II, some at Babi Yar,
others elsewhere in Ukraine. I know that there are Safyans still in Ukraine and
Russia, but those few who have responded to my e-mails claim not to be related.
One, a lovely young woman Ekaterina Safyan, from Moscow now studying in
Germany, said first that her family wasn't Jewish. A few moments later, she
said, "well, my father always said that there was some Jewish connection
in our family but he never explained what it was" I imagine she found out
later that her family years ago preferred to try to pass as non-Jews for safety and economic success.
A sad world, at times....
We've often wondered whether the Safyan name
was Sephardic. It is an Arabic
name,and appears in the Koran as well as in
Arab nations. There is a
Tunisian basketball player, for example, named
Safyan. I've read some
sources which claim that there was significant
Sephardic migration into
Ukraine after the expulsion from Spain.
Certainly there was into Turkey and
Bulgaria, as well as the former Yugoslavian
republics.
The name could also be Armenian in origin.
The Savatski, Osikowski Family
by
Sarah Oskin
My
Great Grandmother Ester Savatski and (her son) my Grandfather Jancil (Jack)
Osikowski (Oskin) (see Ellis island information below on my their trip to
America) came over from Hamburg from Cherkassy on a ship to Ellis Island in
1923. My grandfather changed his last name when my aunt Ruth was about to start
kindergarten and Americanized our last name. My father Arnold Oskin is quite
interested in Cherkassy. I do remember hearing that my grandfather was a
"tailor" and was able to sew. I am not sure he did this in Cherkassy
but I do know that he did this at some point. I do remember is that my
grandfather had to hide in graves in the "Jewish cemetery" when the
Cossacks came. I was told that my grandfather Jack's family either owned the
cemetery or were cemetery caretakers at some point in Cherkassy.
Shimm (Schimcofsky) & Feinberg Families
by
Ira Feinberg
GEORGE SCHIMCOFSKY
was born in Cherkassy, Russia, and died in Russia. George married ANNA GINSBURG, who also spent her entire life in Russia.
Their son was LOUIS SCHIMCOFSKY (b. 1855, Cherkassy, Russia; d. Feb
1932, New York). He married IDA TSIRILSTIEN 1872 in Russia, daughter of YEHUDAH
REYENTOWITZ and NACHA TSIRALSTEIN.
She was born 17 Jul 1856 in Poland/Russia, and died Jun 1937 in Queens, New
York. Ida went by her mother's maiden name or
previous name, (Tsyralstein, not Reyentowitz);
it seems that she had a different father. Her death certificate indicates her
father was Judah Tsyralstein and her mother's name
was Sarah.
Louis changed the family name to Shimm.
Their five children were born in Cherkassy. They are:
1.
ISRAEL LAEB SCHIMCOFSKY, b. 29 Oct 1873, Cherkassy,
Russia; d. Aug 1944, New York, NY.
2.
SARAH SHIMM, b. 1875, Cherkassy, Russia; d. Nov
1963
3.
ANNIE SHIMM, b. 1878, Cherkassy, Russia; d. May
1952.
4.
ABRAHAM
SHIMM, b. 19 Dec 1881, Cherkassy, Russia; d. Jul 1951.
5.
NETTIE SHIMM, b. Jul 1886, Cherkassy, Russia; d.
Apr 1977, Miami Beach, Florida; m. NATHAN GREENBERG, 1914; b. 28 Dec 1885,
Romania; d. May 1963
I have heard several stories as to why Israel Laeb
SCHIMKOFSKY changed his name to
Feinberg , while his siblings and parents
changed their name to Shimm. The most credible
explanation was told to me by Dr. Robert Shimm in 2004. Robert told me his father, Joe Shimm,
Israel's brother, told him the reason:
Louis Schimcofsky and his eldest son Israel,
age twelve, were the first of their family to immigrate to America (I believe in
1889); Ida, Louis' wife, and their Russian born children came one year later. When
Israel and his father arrived, they lived with a family named Feinberg until
they were able to afford their own apartment. When Israel attended school he
was registered as a Feinberg, thus creating a Feinberg family record.
Annie Shimm married Julius Golding (b.
Cherkassy) in New York City in 1902. He was of a cousin, the son of PHILLIP
GOLDING and NACHA REYENTOWITZ.
There are quite a few professors in the Shimm
family history.
The Sloan Family
by
David Sloan
I am trying to track down the town from where my grandfather emigrated;
he arrived in Montreal, Canada.
From my research, based on my grandfather, David Sloan, becoming a naturalized Canadian citizen
in 1910 (see Act of Naturalization), he arrived from "Cher Kos, Province of Kieff, Russia" around 1901.
My family story is that my great-grandfather Lev (a.k.a.,Leb; Leib; Leibe; Lejba), father of my grandfather David Sloan (Yaakov Duvid) , came from Cherkassy to visit his son
in Montreal around 1910, but then returned to Cherkassy only to be killed in a pogrom. I suspect that my great-grandfather was born around 1855 and most likely died before 1930.
If my memory serves me well, my late father told me that my grandfather left Russia to avoid being drafted for the Russian invasion of
Manchuria.
The Sultanov & Elkan Families
by
Alan Tapper
From
other Jewishgen data that I have found, there were three Rabbis in Cherkassy in
the period 1880-85. They were Twerski,
Elkin and Sultanov. My wife's father was
a Sultanov who left there in 1895. His
name was Motl Sultanov, son of Mordecai.
The Sultanovs were related to the Elkins.
The Sultanov Family
by
Chava Snyder
My
mother-in-law's mother was from Cherkassy. Her name was Ester Rochel and she
was born in 1890. Her parents were Shaindel and Hirsh. They had 5 children:
Mordechai Motle, Laibel, Abe, Ester and Freida. In 1912 Mordechai Motle
came to America. He then went to Canada and brought his mother and siblings
over. His father had died in Russia.
The Tolchinsky Family
by
Pauline Shapiro
My
Mother was born in Cherkassy in 2011. The following story took place during the
pogrom of 1919. The Cossacks entered my grandmother’s house and
shot everyone. My grandmother, her 2 year old baby and 12 year old son were
killed. My mother and her two sisters were thought to be dead but survived. My
grandfather was away at the time. A couple of years later, my grandfather and
his 3 daughters came to America. They had 2 sons who luckily were already here
to avoid going into the Czar’s army. My mother always wanted to go back to Russia to see
the graves but realized that there would be no graves. I wonder if there is
some kind of list of all the Jews who perished during the pogroms.
I
wonder if there is some kind of list of all the Jews who perished during the
pogroms. If only Yad Vashem could have documentation of these massacres. My
mother and my two aunts are no longer alive. If you anyone knows of any
information about the people involved in these massacres, I would greatly
appreciate it if I could know where to look.
I
thank you in advance for any information you may give me relating to this dark
side of our history.
Sincerely.
Pauline
Shapiro
The Tulczinsky Family
by
Lewis Chilton
My
paternal grandmother, Itke Tulczinsky, was born in Cherkassy, circa 1885, as
was her brother Abram Tulczinsky in about 1887. Another sibling, Golda
Tulczinsky, was born in nearby Aleksandrova. Two other known siblings were born
in the Kiev area. And some close relatives were born in nearby Medvedovka.
The Uditsky Family
by
Linda Winkleman
My
paternal great-grandmother Sima Liba was a Uditsky. At the present time,
we think the family moved to Cherkassy after 1850.
I
have a copy of an 1850 revisionist list for Mashony. The family name also
appears there. I wonder if there is any connection.
Here is the part of the "Census List
for Moshy", where my family is listed:
My paternal great-great-grandfather is in
bold print. Sima Liba is one of his children. She is listed with a
couple of her siblings.
1850 Census
of
Moshny Meshchane,
Cherkassy Uezd
1.Faivish
(? - before 1834?(
2.Son:
Berko(1793??? -1837)
Lived
in Moshny before 1834
3.Son:
Samson-Leib (1796??? -1847)
Wife:
Beyla-Gudya, daughter of Elya (1798)
4. Son: Khaim (1820)
Wife:
Golda, daughter ofMordko (1820)
5. Moshko (1838)
5. Elya (1841)
5.Volko
(1844)
5.Samson
(1848)
4.Son:Moshko
(1826)
Wife:
Khaya, daughter ofGershko (1827)
5.Son:
Shlema (1844)
5. Daughter: Fejga-Rukhlya (1847)
5. Daughter: Shama (SIMA)-Liba (1849)
4.Son:
Pinkhas (1832)
Wife:
Feiga, daughter of Leib (1832)
4.Son:
Elya (1835)
4.Son:
Daughter: Rysya (1836)
Here is part of the Uditsky tree which mentions Cherkassy.
.
ABRAHAM2 UDITSKY (MOSHE TZVE/MOSHE1 ZUI)
was born 01 Oct 1864 in Cherkass, Kieff, Russia, and died 21 Aug 1938 in Fall
River, Massachusetts. He married LILLIAN Bef. 1886 in Russia. She was born Abt.
1870 in Cherkassy, Russia, and died 24 Jan 1940 in Fall River, Massachusetts.
More
About Abraham Uditsky:
Hebrew
Name: Avrum
Immigration:
16 Jan 1905, From Liverpool, England on the SS Baltic
Naturalization:
27 Mar 1911, Certificate # 161640
Occupation:
1910, dry goods peddler
More
About Lillian:
Immigration:
1904
More
About Abraham Uditsky and Lillian:
Marriage:
Bef. 1886, Russia
Children
of Abraham Uditsky and Lillian are:
24.
i. TEAVY3 UDITSKY/UDIS, b. 22 May 1887, Cherkass,
Russia; d. 01 Jul 1959, Fall River,
Massachusetts.
ii. MORRIS UDITSKY, b. 01 Nov 1891, Cherkassy, Russia.
iii. LOUIS UDITSKY, b. 01 Jul 1894, Cherkassy, Russia.
More
About Louis Uditsky:
Immigration:
1905
Naturalization:
1915
Occupation:
1920, Managed clothing store- 1920 census
25.
iv. Bertha Uditsky/Udis, b. 15 Mar 1898, Cherkassy, Russia;
d. 21 Nov 1996, Palm Beach, Florida.
v. Jacob Uditsky, b. 28 May 1901, Cherkassy, Russia; d. 05
Mar 1995, Bloomfield, Connecticut.
The
table below lists what I found on Jewishgen for two of the towns the UDITSKY
family came from.
|
ULITSKIJ,
Khuna
|
Yankelev
|
1907
/ 4389
|
merchant
|
Cherkassy
2
Ch.
|
Cherkassy
|
Jewish
|
|
|
|
ULITSKIJ,
Iosif
|
Yankelev
|
1907
/ 319
|
apt.tax
|
Cherkassy
Rask.
20, 2 ch.
|
Cherkassy
|
Jewish
|
|
|
|
ULITSKIJ,
Nakhman
|
Shamovich
|
1906
/ 1003
|
|
Boguslav
|
Kanev
|
62
|
|
|
|
ULITSKIJ,
Pinkhos
|
Abramovich
|
1906
/ 1004
|
|
Boguslav
|
Kanev
|
32
|
Below
is a 1940 photograph of Sima-Sarah (English name) on the right and her sister
Feige- Fanny Uditsky Loeff Dashoff; they both lived to be over 90 years old.
The Volodarsky family
by
Sylvie Courtade
I have many letters and photographs about my family. I also
have a bit of information about the family from Uman (the
family of my grandmother's first husband) and a bit about the of my
grandfather’s family from Kamenetz-Podolsk.
For a very long time, my grandmother didn’t spoke about
her life and never about her origins or about my grand-father. That is another
story, which would take a long time to tell.
My grandmother: (I
am in the middle of writing about her life).
Malka
Volodarsky (Marussia) was
born in Cherkassy on September 15, 1887or 1888. She died in November 1963.
She was the second child of Boruch Volodarsky and Sarah Levitan.
Boruch (1866 ?-1905/7 ?) He was married off at the age of 15. He
gave lessons in Russian, German, etc. to young Jewish people who wanted to be
accepted to the Gymnasium- high school. They had to work hard to be accepted in
Gymnasium because of a “Numerus Clausus”
(restriction clauses for Jewish students in the Gymnasium). Baruch died of
tuberculosis in 1905 (I am not sure of this).
Sarah Levitan (1860 -March 3, 1915) She married Baruch at the age of 20. She was
5 years older than him. This was then considered marrying at an old age. The
couple lived with Sarah's parents. The
Levitan grandfather was a tailor. He had a small house on the outskirts of
Cherkassy with a small garden. Sarah often went to the market place. After her husband died, she lived alone in
Cherkassy. She died from tuberculosis and from misery in 1915. She was 54, when
she died.
Baruch had a sister called Shifrah,
who went to the USA, in 1908, with her husband Ostroff,
their 6 children, her father Yehoushua Volodarsky and an aunt and a uncle Kaplan. (I never heard
about them before I read about them in the letters.)
The Volodarsky family’s had 3
children:
Polya
/Pessy (born-1882, Cherkassy- died in Sverdlovsk, 193
? )
Malka/Marussia (born-1887
Cherkassy; died-Paris, 1963)
Lev (1890 Cherkassy-1929; died in Arzamass,
1929)
The children were not healthy; they all had rickets and
this disease caused many big problems. (Boruch went
to Kiev to consultation for Marussia . At the age of
2, she had special orthopedic equipment made for 1 leg. It was of metal and
very heavy. They all had a good education. The children were not religious.
They all learned Russian, Hebrew, and Yiddish. The mother spoke only Yiddish;
but children spoke Russian together.
Marussia and Polya left Cherkassy when they were
very young.
Polya got engaged to (Choulka) Israel Sokolovsky,
who lived in Uman. At that time, he was still
student. He became an engineer. They both studied in Kiev after high school.
She studied to be a teacher. She did not work too much in this profession.
They had 3 sons:
Petr
(Pinioura, Petia) : (born-1905 ?;
Uman - ?)
He studied in Sverslovsk and afterwards in Kazan.
He married a young Russian (Zina Souslov)
and they had 2 children:
Oleg (1928-?)
Tatiana (born-December 22, 1929-
?)
Boris (born September 22 ,1916?- ?)
Benjamin (born September
19, 1918-?)
They all studied in Sverdlovsk and afterwards in Kazan.
My family lost contact with them, until 1936 when Choulka was probably arrested for the second time. He had
been previously arrested in 1930 and put in prison for 1 year. He was freed in Sverdovsk, and nominated for a high position in Ouralmach. In her
letters, Polya wrote: ”he is sick
and we would need to spend 1-2 years in a climate fitting for our health/recuperation”.
(Perhaps he had been arrested and had to go to jail or was to be killed?) They
used to give news about their being arrested, by writing if they were sick or
not.
Polya corresponded a great deal with her sister. She also had contact with
the American branch of our family. (Volodarsky and Sokolovsky). They
corresponded in Yiddish an in Russian.
Maybe there was something about the death of Polya in Yiddish from the aunt; but my grandmother never
told me about it. She also tried to find out something about it for many years.
Lev was weak. His sister Polya
always took care of him. In 1904, he cried because of the death of Herzl. Marussia cried because of the death of Chekhov; but at
least he was a Communist. My grandmother used to tell me about that: ”now you can understand everything”. I did
not understand anything at all. Lev became a revolutionary, and he suffered
because of this. He became a real Communist. He studied to be a pharmacist and
went to work in Arzamass. He married and afterwards died
of tuberculosis. He had previously received treatments many times and spent
time in sanitariums for members of the Communist Party.
Malka Volodarskaya
(Maroussia, Mania) (born- September 18, 1887 in
Cherkassy; died in Paris-1963)
After the revolution
of 1905 Joseph Levine was deported. He succeeded in saving himself by escaping
to America in1907/or 8. He found my grandmother's address in Paris and wrote her
2 superb letters about his life in America. He wrote that he can’t stand
“spinelessness “of people in Tcherkassy and that he stopped being interested in people he had previously wanted to help. Therefore he went away to America,
which was where his parents lived. The
last time she heard from him was in 1914. I hope he did not return to the
USSR.
Maroussia met Avraham Feinstein in 1905 and left Joseph.
He was a young revolutionary, a poet and a bit crazy. He was the son of an
alcohol merchant (Khakhmil Feinstein), whose business
was located opposite the post-office in Uman. They
were madly in love. They crossed the plains of the Ukraine together. He spoke
Ukrainian and was very proud of it and was very enthusiastic. She was very
free.
He was arrested in 1906 and put in a prison that was close
to Kiev and then deported to Arkhangelsk (in Piniega).
She became engaged to him and she followed him. He escaped to Paris in 1908. She
lived with Abraham parents. She only rejoined him in 1910, when they were already
separated; but he wanted her to know about culture and life in Paris and to be
free with him, even though they were no longer together. He wrote very long
letters about spectacular Isadora Duncan.
Soon after, Maroussia met my
grandfather Serge Romoff (Salomon Roffman),
who was from Kamenetz-Podolsk. He had arrived in
Paris, in 1906 and was already “a real Parisian”. She returned to Russia twice,
in 1911 and 1912, to obtain a legal divorce from the Rabbi of Uman. She began a new life as a “boheme”,
in the artistic world of Paris, between the Ruche and the Latin Quarter.
Romoff becomes an art critic for l’Ecole de
Paris. He returned to USSR in 1928,
leaving his wife and 2 children with hardships in France. He was imprisoned in
1933 for the first time and again in 1936 and died in February, 1939
(Internet). He was possibly shot; but I think this is false information. When I
was in Moscow, I met a person at the Memorial who tried to help me; but she did
not find him on the list of people who were taken to be shot.
Maroussia and Romoff had 2 children:
Genia,
who was my mother (born, Paris-March 20, 1913; died- Paris February 2, 2011). She
married Pierre Courtade who became a journalist and a writer (see internet). They
separated in 1955.
Boris (born, Paris –August 30, 1915; died, - April 16, 1939). He suffered from tuberculosis. From the
age of 14, he spent many years in a sanitarium. He stayed a long time in sanitariums
in Switzerland, and then in France. For a few months he was an assistant
journalist at "Oran Républicain". He had a relapse of tuberculosis and came back
to died in France some days after at the age of 23.
Avraham returned to Russia in 1911. He completed his law
studies and went to Moscow. He met Romoff there and
they spoke together about Maroussia.
My brother Serge was born in Lyon in 1942, when our
father was in the Resistance. They all lived together with my grandmother, who
had her falsified documents. My parents went back to Paris at the end of
1944. They were very busy and Maroussia stayed with us. After WWII, our father became a Communist.
After 1955, he went to Moscow for a few years for the Communist paper “L’Humanité”. It’s was not possible for him to know what
happened to the family. We just went to the crematorium together to see some
words: Serge Romoff…
My brother Serge had started to study "Arts Decoratifs".in Paris. He died in a crash car at the
age of 20, on April 17, 1962. Some months afterwards, in May, 1963, my father
died. It was too much for Maroussia and she died in
November 1963.
Sylvie (myself): was born in the little city of Auch in the south of France, on July 12, 1944. Then our
family lived (including Marussia) with our French
grandparents. We were very close to this family.
I worked as a psychologist. Now I am retired. I have 2
children and 3 grandchildren.
Here is information about the rest of the family.
Aunt Shifrah Ostroff, and her family lived in the USA. The family numbered about 15-20
people. The lived in Philadelphia and N.Y. They helped the family that stayed
in Europe, with financial aid, when they could. . They were all married in the
USA. One of the sons, Yaruss, became a comedian. Some
kept contact.
Aunt Shifrah Ostroff corresponded in Yiddish. Her daughter Mania Yarus wrote in Russian. Some family members corresponded in
Russian; but everybody spoke English. Some could speak Yiddish; they did not
write it. I have a strong memory my grandmother reading the letters from my aunt.
It was very difficult for her. After Aunt Shifrah died
there was little correspondence or contact with our family in the USA.
This
is a photograph of a group of students in Cherkassy.
Maroussia
Volodarskaya is sitting on the ground, holding
her hat.
She is sitting under her sister Polya Volodarskaya,who is wearing
a white blouse (second to the left
on the second line).
This
is a photograph of a group of revolutionary students in
Cherkassy. Joseph
Levine is sitting on the left, holding his cane.
Lev Volodarsky is sitting on the ground on the right. His sister
Maroussia (Malka) is sitting just above him.
Grandfather Levitan
Back of photograph
taken in Cherkassy
Baruch, Sarah,and Polya
The Wolodarsky Family
by
Beverly Blum
My family (Wolodarsky) came from Cherkassy and Moshna, Cherkassy. My earliest record is from Bluma Loif, my
great great grandmother who died in Philadelphia in 1918 at age 80. Her husband
was Moishe Hersch Wolodarsky.
They were born about
1830 and lived in Cherkassy.
The Zemsky
Family
by
Assaf Patir
Leizer Davidovich Zemsky (b. 1755) was my 6th
great-grandfather. His daughter Ester (b. 1777) married Leiba Dovgalevsky
(b. 1773) from Rzhyshchiv in Kiev District.
Documents show that they had a license to sell
spirits, and members of the family seemed to have generally been successful in
business, as is evident from the fact that their grandson Ariy (1823 – c. 1913)
became a merchant (kupets) of the first guild – the highest status a Jew could
achieve in Russia.
Ariy Dovgalevsky ran a big farm for a Polish
landowner in Nykolaivka and lived in Kaniv in Cherkasy Oblast. I'm not sure
where Nykolaivka was, as there are a few places with that name today, however,
one such place is right near Smila.
There are records of Zemsky family in Rzhyshchiv and
also in Smila, and there are some hints that they are connected.
Hopefuly, we can figure out the connection and maybe
find more about the Zemsky family.
I now live in Israel and am an assistant professor at
the Department of Economics of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
