Feldman family album |
English version |
Leizer
Feldman
born 4-1-1887 in Raducaneni |
Leizer
and Sima taken around 1955 in Iasi |
1) Tant Iasi que Raducaneni étaient des
villes avec un pourcentage important de juifs. En 1859
Raducaneni comporte 378 habitants, dont 81% sont
juifs. Ce pourcentage ira en diminuant jusqu’à la
disparition quasi-totale des juifs après la seconde
guerre mondiale 2) voir histoire de raducaneni 3) http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom 4) Le Fond de l'abîme, Rabbi Nathan Nata
Hannover 5) La Roumanie adopta le calendrier
grégorien le 18 mars 1919 STORY OF THE FELDMAN-LUPU FAMILY
AT RADUCANENI between 1850 and 1964. For the pictures see French version The first person called Feldman at
Raducaneni was Froim Feldman, my great grand
father, Leizer Feldman’s father, and grand father of my
father Osias Feldman. Froim Feldman was born in Iasi[1]. He came at
Raducaneni after his marriage with Haia who’s family
lived there. Raducaneni situated 40 km from Iasi
encouraged merchants to come. He’s 20 years old or so
when he get married and his professional life began in
Raducaneni. How did he met Haia ? was she a cousin ?
Did she came to buy something in his father’s shop. Her
parents : Aron et Dvoira dwelled in Raducaneni,
Plasa Podoleni. Raducaneni being founded in 1839[2], the origin of the LUPU
has to be sought elsewhere. Haia LUPU et Froim FELDMAN tree See
below On his marriage certificate, Froim sign
both under the name of FELDMAN and FILDMAN. His father
Herscu FILDMAN was trader in IASI. When he arrived
in Raducaneni, Froim changed his name ! Was
it an error ? But both names are on the
certificate ! A correction then ? The first law in Romania requiring people
to bear both a first name and a surname was passed in
1895. However, people living in rural areas still
changed names to their liking and the regulations were
not effectively applied until the 1920s. At the time it
was common for people to list first their first (given)
name then the family name. In Walachia and Moldova the Cyrillic
alphabet was used for writing up to 1860 (1863).
Between1830-1860 writing became quite chaotic with the
development of a sort of transition alphabet, a Cyrillic
alphabet phonetically adapted to the Romanian language.
Foreign names are usually misspelled in official records
- they were recorded with Romanian characters, as
pronounced. Jews often spoke only Yiddish and errors
were common at that time. Note that on this marriage
certificate, the newly-weds parents signed in Yiddish,
while Froim and Haia sign in latin characters, showing
they learnt Romanian. Froim’s younger brother, Pieritz Iona
Feldman born in Iasi in 1870, also married 1892 in
Raducaneni and settled there. His marriage certificate
mention the name of Feldman only. Herscu and Beila, his
parents also signed under this name. So we don’t know if
the name of Fildman was transformed into Feldman after
1884 the year Froim settled in Raducaneni or if it is an
error. Froim signed his marriage certificate under both
name Fildman and Feldman so it is probably a voluntary
change and not an error. These are only hypotheses. Anyway Fildman and Feldman have the same
origin, a name of German origin, maybe a sign of a past
eastward migration of the Jews from Germany or Austria?
Both names mean « field man »
farmer, but the men of the familiy were traders and not
farmers. The year after she married, Haia lost her
mother in novembre 1885, aged only 45. She was certainly
pregnant with her first child. Froim was born in Iasi, the precise date
being unknown ; each time he registered one of his
children (they would have 10) he declared an age that
always changed his birthday. But at that time, it was
very common. He might have been born between 1860 and
1862, as for Haia, two years younger than him, she could
have been born between 1862 et 1867. The calendar used at that time was the
Julian Calendar. At the time of Froim’s and Haia’s
birth, Romania looked like the land you can see on the
map below and was fighting for its independence. From 1411, Wallachia and Moldavia were
under Ottoman domination. Since the Paris treaty in
1856, the autonomy of these two counties was recognized,
Bessarabia being given back to Moldavia, but it was
still being ruled by Turkish Sultans. In
Froim married Haia on the 20th of June
1884, at noon, in Raducaneni. His age mentioned in the
marriage certificate is 25 (he would then, have been
born in 1859 ?) he is also declared as having no
occupation, to be a bachelor and son of Herscu Fildman,
trader in Iasi. He settled in Raducaneni with Haia. A first daughter, Rebeca, was born about
1885-1886 ? Her birth certificate remains
undiscovered. Later, her marriage certificate states
that she was born in 1886, month and day unknown in
Raducaneni. Did her parents register her ? In 1887 comes Leizer, my grandfather. In
his birth certificate, Froim states that he is 24 and
that he is a trader. He would then, have been born in
1863. 10 children were to be born over the
course of 21 years. When Haia gave birth to Tauba, her
last daughter, she was about 43 years old. A hard life, many mouths to feed, children
who died early (Dvoira and Sura) and a latent
antisemitism that exploded from time to time in
Raducaneni and neighbouring areas as well as all over
Europe. Froim and Haia Family Tree See
below In France, 1889 was the time when the
Eiffel tower was built to celebrate the French
Revolution’s bicentenary, as Russia increased the number
of pogroms against the Jews. A first wave of massacres
took place between 1881 and 1884. Tsar Alexander III,
who succeeded his assassinated father Alexander II, put
an end to the liberal policies of his father. He
initiated an antisemitic program as soon as he came into
power. The Jews were accused of the murder of the former
Tsar. Amongst the policies of the government were the
following : a third of the Jews to be converted,
another third to emigrate, the last third to perish. In
1881 more than a hundred pogroms broke out : the
main pogroms were those of Elisabethgrad on April 15th
1881, Kiev April 26th, Odessa 1880 between the 3rd and
5th of May, and Warsaw, under Russian domination between
December 1881 and January 1882 and in Balta on
March 22th, 1882. The local Christian population, supported
and encouraged by the Tsar’s police, attacked the Jewish
communities in the towns and villages with the approval
of the civil and religious authorities. Jewish goods and properties were sacked, in
addition to rapes and murders. The troops would arrive
at least three days after the beginning of the pogroms.
The Russian governement used pogroms to limit the
economic rights of the Jews and to expel them from
the villages. A second wave of pogroms touched the Jewish
population between 1903 and 1906. The most important
were those of Kichinev, April 6th 1903, Jitomir, May
1905 and Bialystok, 1st July 1906. At Kichinev, the
murder of a young Christian, Michael Ribalenko,
lit the fire. Though it was clear that the kid had been
killed by a parent, who was arrested later, a Russian
antisemitic newspaper insinuated that he had been killed
by the Jews who wanted to use his blood to do the matza.
Accused of ritual crime, the Jews suffered a three day
pogrom, the governor ordering the police not to
interfere. After the April pogrom of 1903, the
Jews of Kichinev organized selfdefense comittees, but
they couldn’t prevent 19 more Jews being killed during
the new attacks on october 19 and 20th 1906. Kichinev/Chisinau was the capital of
Bessarabia, then under Russian domination, less
than 150 kms from Raducaneni. Russian Cossacks even
crossed the River Prut on horseback to come and kill
people in Raducaneni, leaving their lifeless bodies in
the streets. Those pogroms convinced millions of Jews to
migrate to the West or Israël creating a new wave of
Jewish emigration and giving arguments to the first
Zionists.(3) At the same time the Dreyfus affair divided
France. It involved the conviction for treason in
November 1894 of Captain Alfred Dreyfus based on false
documents and because he was a Jew. He was sent to
prison and though evidence of his innocence was proven,
he had to wait until 1906, to be exonerated and
reinstated as a major in the French Army. In March 1907 the Farmer’s Revolution in
Romania burst out. Peasants, who had been kept in misery
by a system of abusive farm tenancy rebelled. Harshness
and scarcity struck the lands of Moldavia, followed by
the towns and then Wallachia. Farmers and owners were
killed, harvests were burnt and shops were sacked
Information being censored, the
precise number of peasants killed remains unknow, but
historians assessed it to be around 11,000. The event
left its mark on the consciousnesses and the agrarian
question became a priority.
What was the impact of this event on the
Feldman familiy four years after the first
Chisinau/Kichinev pogrom and its extension to
Raducaneni? Three decades later, the Nazi terror beat
down on Europe, the repetition of an old story reached
its height. Already in Poland where 80% of Europe’s
Jews lived, the most violent pogroms against them had
taken place two centuries previously. Ukrainian peasants
had suffered heavy taxation from Polish landlords. To
collect these taxes they employed Jews for their
efficiency in commerce. In 1648 Bogdan Chemieski, the Cossack
chief, made an alliance with the Ukrainians and the
country was put to fire and sword. They attacked the
Jewish tax collectors and by extension all the jews. 300
villages were extermined. A Rabbi described the
horrors(4), the few survivors fleeing Poland. Before Raducaneni and Iasi where did our
family come from ? Did it come from Poland ?
Did it emigrate to Moldavia to get away from the Russian
and Polish pogroms ? Or did it come from
Germany ? The Feldman – Lupu Origins Our ancestors could have come from Germany,
but did they come at the very beginning with the Romans
or later, in the Middle Ages ? Or did they flee the
progroms of 1648-1649 following the Polish-Lithuanian
War putting the Russian Cossacks in conflict with the
Polish nobility? Were they from Bessarabia on the other side
of the border, a land that was sometimes Romanian and
sometimes Russian? Bessarabia showed more clemency to
the jews than Russia until 1880 when Jewish families
were expelled and where pogroms took place in 1903 and
1905 in Kichinev. But in 1880, our family was
already in Moldavia. Raducaneni was founded around 1838, and
many families came from Polish Galicia especially from
Lviv, where the Lupu originated ? The children of Froim Feldman and Haia
LUPU They had 10 children but Dvoira,
the fourth daughter died at the age of 18 months in 1893
and my father never heard of Sura born 23th octobre 1893
whom death certificate was not yet found. Most of Froim’s and Haia’s children settled
in Iasi, and became traders or married traders. Rebeca married Froim Katz (Iancu) in august 1908,
she died after gallblader surgery before WWII. Izidor became a trader in Iasi. He died during
WWII in the bombing of 5-6 july in his house, with his
wife Olga and his son Haynu. Isidor hid my father in his
house, at great risk to his life, when he sought shelter
after escaping the Iasi pogrom of June 1941. Roza married Bentin Goldenberg, Bentin was
taken with my father during the pogrom of Iasi and
managed to escape seperately. Roza and Bentin emigrated
to Israël after WWII like many other Jews. Hana died at 21 of tuberculosis. Irena married Misu Pascal a civil servant and Tauba
married Beno Moscovici, a trader. They were the only
ones to remain in Iasi after the war. Hersco, Herman became a trader. He married Anuta
Marcovici and emigrated to Israel. They had a son,
Liviu, who has two sons. They are the only men bearing
the name Feldman of the Froim branch. Leizer Feldman was my grandfather. He was born in
Raducaneni in 1887 on January the 4th. At that time, the
Julian[5]calendar was in use in
Romania, and his birthday would have been on January
16th in the Gregorian calendar. At the age of 12 (1899) he was involved in
his first commerce, selling things here and there. He
was between 16 and 19 when the pogroms of
Chisinau, the Farmer’s Revolt and the attempt to expell
the jews from Raducaneni took place. Did these events
encourage him to leave Raducaneni and settle in Iasi ?
Or did he just want to leave because Raducaneni was a
small town mostly occupied by farmers ? Anyway, he
left it very young and set up his own business, in
partnership with his cousin, then his brother in law,
Froim Katz, Rebeca’s husband, and lastly his brother,
Izidor .. He certainly did not live in Raducaneni
when WWI broke out. Aged 29, he was a soldier in
the « Sapte Rosiori » cavalry regiment, and
had to shelter in Odessa, in the Ukraine during
the retreat of 1916, which was about 260 kms from
the Romanian border, to avoid being caught by the German
army. When he came back he married Sima-Brana on
November 27th 1918. His first son, my father, Osias was
born on September 26th 1919, then came Fredi (Froim) on
July 17th 1922 and Jean (Iancu) on June 20th 1929. Leizer settled in Iasi, his shop stood on
Costache Negri street and was called « la
Pisica » (the cat), named after his brother-in-law,
his first partner, Froim Katz. Katz meaning
« cat » in German. There he sold haberdashery,
needles, ribbons, dolls with hats, which could pee when
one pushed a button. The period between the two wars was calmer.
Life was punctuated by religious feasts, theatre, cinema
and visiting cousins and neighbours. Cars could go no
faster than 50 kms/hour, and transport was mostly by
horse-drawn carriage that created a lot of dust when
they came by the houses. Towards the end of the thirties Fascism and
antisemism rose to a peak and WWII broke out. The Jews
of Iasi, on the border with the USSR suffered a
dreadful pogrom in June 1941, from which my father
miraculously survived. Leizer’s shop burned during a
bombing and his brother Izidor died during the bombing. After the war, the Communist party came to
power. Jean migrated to France in 1947 and two decades
later made it possible for us to join him. My parents left Romania in May 1964, Fredi
and Eva arrived in July and Leizer and Sima in the
autumn of the same year. When Leizer left Romania, he was still
runing his shop at the age of 77. He arrived in France,
not knowing a single word of French. Little by little
his cognitive state declined. He died in 1974, aged 87.
The descendants of Froim and Haia lived in
Iasi, or emigrated to Israël or France . Translated by Danielle Feldman, revised by
Nicholas Beeson 1) Iasi and Raducaneni were town where
there was a significant presence of Jews. In 1859 of
the 378 dwellers of Raducaneni, 81% were Jewish, this
number diminished progressively until no Jews were
left in Raducaneni after WWII. 2) See Raducaneni’s history 3) http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom 4) Le Fond de l'abîme, Rabbi Nathan Nata
Hannover 5) Rumania
adopted the gregorian calendar on march 18th
1919. [5] Rumania
adopted the gregorian calendar on march 18th 1919. [2] See
Raducaneni’s history. [1] Iasi
and Raducaneni were town where there was a
significant presence of Jews. In 1859 of the 378
dwellers of Raducaneni, 81% were Jewish, this number
diminished progressively until no Jews were left in
Raducaneni after WWII. |
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