232. EJ, V. 16, p.. 192; HO, p. 403; YV.

233. HO, p. 403.

234. A non –Jew was found, about 10 years after the war, who was an eyewitness to what happened and able to tell the story. VT, p. 449. It is very interesting that he sides with the Jews.

235. IBID, pps. 440-1; YV3; YV4.

236. HO, p. 403.

237. Films were one of them. YV3, YV4.

238. VT, pps.  444-6.

239. IBID, p. 444. After the outbreak of the war, 4000 Polish Jewish refugees came to the Vitebsk area. Many settled in the city. YV, P. 1. See Appendix IV The Jewish Population of Vitebsk , p. 36.

240. ADE

241. VT, p. 444.

242. YV, p. 1.

243. VT, p. 444.

244. BH, p. 2; EH, V.16, p. 75; EJ, V. 16, p. 192.

245. YV, p. 1.

246. The Germans, from July 9 to July 11, captured Vitebsk. YV, p. 1. The Nazis claim that everything went according to plan. YV. 1.

247. BH, p. 2; HO, p. 403. YV, p. 1. The Nazis claimed that the Jews were guilty of starting the fire. VT, p. 445.The Nazis claimed that the Russians blazed Vitebsk. YV1.

248. HO, p. 403 .

249. VWIK

250. YOMH

251. YV, p. 1.

252. They refused to go. YV, p. 1.

253. HO, p. 403. They were shot on one of the streets of the city. YV, p. 1.

254. YV, p. 1.

255. VT, p. 445.

256. This was the Jewish city council. This was organized by order of the Nazis in all the places that they captured. HO, p. VIII.

257. YV, p. 1.

258. YOMH

259. YV, p. 1.

260. BH, p. 2; YOMH.

261. EJ, V. 16, p. 192.

262. The Nazi propaganda film-newsreel shows the Jews walking there, carrying their belongings. YV1.

263. YV, p. 1.

264. VT, p. 447.

265. YV, p. 1.

266. YV, p. 1.

267. YV, p. 2.

268. Close to 500 Jewish intellectuals (doctors, teachers, students) were murdered on August 26. IBID.

269. IBID.

270. Some of these looked like Aryans. VT, p. 447.

271. It is true according to only a few sources that these family members remained. YV, p. 2.

272. IBID

273. EBI

274. See Appendix III  Map of Vitebsk Area, p.35

275. VW2

276. This is from the Testimony of Abraham Apelronitz who was a partisan in the Vitebsk area. A non-Jew gave him this information.  He met him at the end of the war, after he had met up with the Russian army, was on vacation, and his way to the Vitebsk area. . His 2 sisters were killed here. YV3

277. VW2.

278. There was a typhus epidemic. VT, p. 447.

279. YOMH

280. This systematic liquidation took place from October 8 through October 10.  BH, p. 2; YV, p. 2. According to another witness report, this took place on November 5.  IBID.

281. VW2; Mr. Ya’akov Moses  Izkowitz, who lived in a Vitbsk suburb and his cousin Lubow Barken, who was about 19-20 years old and helping him, were there at this “final decision”.  Mr. Izkowitz showed his pocket watch to an SS soldier. When the soldier approached him he spit in the soldier’s eye. He and his cousin were both shot. He felt that he died as a martyr. This was told in the Testimony of his grandson Vladimir Peskin. YV4.

282. YV, P. 2

283. They were taken to the Ilovskiy (Tulovkiy) Canal, which was near the city. YV, p. 2.

284. VT, p. 451-2.

285. FACT

286. The Nazi propaganda film-newsreel shows how well the Nazis did this. YV2

287. FACT

288. IBID.

289. VW2

290. HO, p. 403.

291. VT, p. 2.

292. VT, p.458.