The Pogroms of Savran, 1917–1921
A family historian’s investigation of the violence that devastated Jewish Savran during the revolutionary and civil-war years.
Introduction
Growing up in middle-class New Jersey in the 1980s and the 1990s, the horrors of the Holocaust seemed like distant echoes in other people’s ears. I knew Holocaust survivors and those born in the DP camps of central Europe – and I was exposed to the graphic truth as part of my education. Still, the reality of it seemed distant because my own ancestors had come to the US decades before those horrors. My kind of life made that kind of violence unthinkable.
Paradoxically, although the horrors of the pogroms that arose in the aftermath of WWI were more separated in time, they felt closer to me because my grandmother was close to me. Rose Broitman Telles, my maternal grandmother lived just a few doors down from us and was a constant presence in my childhood. She often told me snippets of stories of her childhood. Of being born in the small shtetl of Savran in Podolia, of her father being a lumber merchant, of being hidden as an infant in a Russian stove while soldiers ransacked Savran with overwhelming violence, of fleeing Savran with the help of local peasants who had worked for her family – only to be robbed by them and others. Of the dangerous flight from Podolia to Romania, where they lived in poverty for several years. And finally, of their deliverance to freedom in Canada and eventually the United States. The original blog version of this essay linked from this passage to several related family-history posts.
Grandma Rose was an infant when she left Savran and barely more than a toddler when she left Romania. Her details of the events of her early life were based on stories she had been told by her parents, older siblings, and relatives. And my grandmother was not great with details. In contrast, I’ve been obsessed with discovering the details of our family’s story. This post describes the massacres they were fleeing from.
The Ukrainian War of Independence: A Primer
There are a few things that you need to know about the Ukrainian War of Independence to put what happened in Savran into context. Jews had been in what is now Ukraine for several centuries, in part invited by Polish aristocracy to manage the economy as Christian peasants worked the land as serfs. Jews were the merchants, the tavern keepers, the money lenders, and the crafts people.
World War I saw the fall of the great empires of Europe, including the Russian Tsars who controlled what is now Ukraine for hundreds of years. With the monarchy toppled, there was a power vacuum in Ukraine. Three main groups fought to fill that vacuum:
The White Russians, who sought to revive the Tsarist monarchy. Anton Denikin was the most prominent general.
The Red Russians, who sought to create a communist/Bolshevik/Soviet state. Mikhail Frunze and Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko were prominent generals for the Red Army.
Ukrainian nationalists, who sought to create an independent, democratic, and pluralistic Ukraine. Symon Vasyliovych Petliura was the most prominent general for the nationalists.
In addition to those three groups, there were unaffiliated warlords, bandits, and anarchists who sought nothing but wealth for themselves. All of these groups had one thing in common: each targeted Ukraine’s Jewish population. The Whites saw the Jews as communists responsible for the fall of the monarchy and the assassination of the Tsar. The Reds saw the Jews as capitalists taking advantage of the labor class. And while the urban Ukrainian intelligentsia saw Jews as a vital part of a future independent state, the soldiers fighting the war on the ground saw Jews as foreigners in their midst.
This is the background for what happened between 1917 and 1921 in hundreds of towns across Ukraine. Multiple first-hand accounts of the violence of these years in Savran are quite consistent. Based on those accounts, I’ve developed the timeline of atrocities below.
The Terrors of Savran
March 1917: Red Soldiers Come To Savran
A Jewish self-defense group, "Agudat Hamagen," was created led by a Dr. Klein (or perhaps Dr. Adelman, according to Gootnick, 1987) to protect the Jews of Savran in the absence of civil authorities. The peasants of the town demanded that they be disarmed, but the group refused.
A few weeks later, a small group of Red soldiers came through the town en route to nearby fighting. Several of these soldiers were drunk. The Agudat Hamagen shot some bullets into the air to scare these soldiers off, but somehow one soldier and his horse were shot and killed during a confrontation.
Fearing retribution, Dr. Klein fled with his son, but was caught and beaten nearly to death by peasants. His father-in-law, Leib Kirzner (or Alters in another account), was arrested and later brutally killed for refusing to reveal the location of Jewish weapons.
The chaos worsened as Jewish homes were looted and set on fire. Local peasants joined in with the soldiers, escalating the violence. Although the Jewish self-defense group managed to drive off some of the attackers by standing guard and firing shots throughout the night, the violence continued.
Dr. Klein and his father-in-law were eventually killed. “The peasants made a circle around him with music playing, and began dancing. They killed him using whatever they had, including stones and wood, causing his blood to spill all over the street until he was dead and cut up into pieces.”
The Agudat Hamagen was no more, and there was nobody remaining to protect the Jews of Savran from the horrors to come.
September 1919: Bandits
In September 1919, a warlord named Kazakov arrived in Savran with a group of armed mercenaries. They kidnapped two of the local rabbinical judges, Rabbi Kalman Berditchevsky and Rabbi Zvi Braverman, as well as a local philanthropist Yakel Dechtyar. The bandits killed seven Jews as they fled the village for the countryside. Kazakov kept the rabbis as hostages and sent Mr. Dechtyar back to Savran to collect 200,000 rubles cash, clothing, boots, and dry goods as ransom.
In a period of about an hour, the town gathered the funds and sent it to Kazakov, but the delegation that carried the money did not find the mercenaries. Instead, they found the rabbis dead, having been mutilated. A peasant who remained with the rabbis’ corpses related that they had been tortured to death and their beards shaved off.
They had been ordered to sing a Sabbath hymn and to dance and afterward forced them to eat eggs with ash.
Later, the townspeople found two sons of a local resident Moishe Bershadsky that had been shot to death and thrown into the Bug River. These boys were cousins of my grandmother.
December 1919 – March 1920: The Whites Attack
The worst violence to befall Savran occurred at the end of December 1919 and continued into the early months of 1920. It was then that the notorious Wolf Brigade of the White Russian Army came to Savran en route to nearby Kryvoe Ozero. In the course of this period, they managed to kill many Jews in a series of deadly pogroms, often aided by local peasants. Here are a few accounts of what occurred:
As the Wolf Brigade rampaged, “…those who hid in holes and cellars froze and became sick from the cold and hunger. Parents did not know the fate of their children and children did not know the fate of their parents.”
“All the Jews were killed by crude weapons. One Jew pleaded to be killed by a rifle and got this answer: ‘Every bullet is now very expensive, pay us the bullet price, and you will get killed this way’.”
“Many children froze to death, in addition they abducted the wives and violated young girls.”
“The killing lasted three days, and after ten more days, more Danikinian factions came and again butchered, raped, robbed and pillaged the town Jews. The casualties toll came to approximately 800 people. Many of the Savarn Jews fled to the nearby villages where they died of cold or hunger.”
“They took 200,000 rubles out of the old man Boyes hands and promised when he gave the money they would let him live. But after taking his money, they put him against the wall, poured oil on him, and torched him alive. While he burned, they counted the money in front of his eyes. Then they killed his son.
“They found Saul Chenoaus’s five-year-old son hiding under his bed. They asked him “Where is your father?” "I don’t know," the boy said. Immediately they cut him to pieces and threw his remains to the dogs.”
“Israel Arages' wife, a very beautiful and graceful women, they took, raped, and decapitated.”
April 1920: The Local Peasants Make Their Intentions Clear
Around Passover 1920, a Jewish student from Savran traveled to Odessa with two Christians, transporting two wagon loads of sugar. They spent the night at a train station where the student had 35,000 rubles stolen from him. Reporting the theft to the new Bolshevik authorities, a search was conducted leading to the arrest of the two Christians, who were found with a large sum of money, counterfeit currency, two revolvers, and the confiscated sugar. Upon learning that the two Christians had not returned, the peasants of Savran responded with threats of violence towards the Jewish community, issuing proclamations that demanded the release of their people.
Tatars, Kikes, and Communists
If you don't return our people to us, we will cut all of you. Petliura's men cut you but didn't finish. Denikin's men cut you but didn't finish. We will kill all of you; even a child in a cradle will not be spared.
Union of Exterminators
June 1920: The Whites Return
Factions of the White Russian army came back to Savran as they were fleeing defeat by the Red Army. They joined with local gangs and seized approximately 200 women and girls who they then raped, mutilated, and burned alive. Reports indicated that “old people were butchered, and little children were torn to pieces which were thrown to the faction's dogs.” The Jews cowered in cellars. Others tried to leave the town but were killed as they tried to flee.
Their situation did not improve even after the White Russians left, as the town saw a period of disease and starvation. The war had brought typhus to almost every family, and there was no medical treatment available.
September 1920: The End to the Violence?
By fall of 1920, the Soviets were in clear control of this part of Podolia. There were several incidents of violence against the Jews of Savran by local peasants, but Red Army soldiers tamped down the violence with threats to local Christian leaders. However, the Jews of Savran had nothing left. So many had been killed, fled, or died of disease that their once vibrant community was essentially destroyed. Those who remained were traumatized and had no livelihood to return to. Years of war made food scarce. In short there was precious little hope for their future.
Afterwards
The Reds, the Whites, and the local gangs all targeted the Jewish population of Savran even though they had no knowledge of them personally. Jews were worth humiliating, robbing, raping, and killing just because they were Jewish. Each group had rationalization and pretext, but in the end, it is just another example of sadistic antisemitism. It is just one in a long line of inexcusable terrors that have befallen the Jews for more than two millennia.
When the atrocities perpetrated against innocent Israelis on October 7, 2023 started becoming clear, every newscast said that it was the “biggest massacre of Jews since the Shoah.” But my mind went to Savran.
Chronology of Violence, Disorder, and Aftermath, 1917–1921
The narrative above follows these episodes in detail. This table provides a compact chronology. The labels for armed groups reflect the terminology used in the surviving sources and do not always identify formal military units with certainty.
| Date | Actors named in the sources | What happened |
|---|---|---|
| March 1917 | Armed men described as Red/Bolshevik soldiers or “bandits”; local peasants | A confrontation involving Savran’s Jewish self-defense organization and Dr. Klein was followed by killings, looting, and fire. Surviving accounts date the episode to 1917, although some of the political terminology used for the armed men is difficult to reconcile with that date. |
| August–September 1919 | Ataman Kozakov and his armed band | Kozakov’s band terrorized the Jewish population, demanded ransom, seized two rabbis, and was responsible for the episode involving the Bershadsky brothers and other Savran residents. The surviving accounts differ slightly on the dating. |
| December 1919–January 1920 | White forces associated with Denikin, including the “Wolf” detachment | White troops carried out exceptionally severe violence against Savran’s Jews. An eyewitness account from nearby Kryve Ozero describes the same detachment operating in the Savran area and committing similar atrocities. |
| April 1920 | Local peasants | The incident involving a Jewish student, two Christian companions, stolen money, and sugar led to explicit threats against Savran’s Jews, but the surviving accounts do not describe an immediate massacre. |
| June 1920 | Retreating White/Denikinite forces and associated gangs | Retreating forces returned to Savran. Accounts describe renewed and extended violence, including killings, sexual violence, robbery, destruction, hiding, and flight. |
| July–August 1920 | Aftermath; local armed groups and peasants | Survivors faced typhus, hunger, homelessness, continuing insecurity, and sporadic attacks after the departure of the White forces. |
| September 1920 | Red Army/Soviet forces; local peasants | Red forces re-established control and punished or threatened local attackers. Jewish residents nevertheless feared retaliation if Soviet troops later withdrew. |
| April 1921 | Local bandits and peasants | Sporadic killings continued. Refugee representatives reported that Savran families were seeking assistance to leave the area. |
Dating note: Several surviving testimonies date the first episode to March 1917. Because some political labels used in later accounts do not fit that date neatly, the identification of the armed group—and possibly the exact chronology—should be treated cautiously.
Download the detailed chronology with source extracts and citations (.xlsx) →
The spreadsheet preserves the source-level entries underlying this summary, including full archival citations, source extracts, and notes on conflicting dates or identifications.
Sources for this page
This essay draws on eyewitness testimonies preserved in the Tcherikower Archive, contemporary relief reports, family testimony, and later historical studies. Full citations and the complete bibliography appear on Sources & Further Research.